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BIOS Spring Courses
Immerse Yourself in Marine Science

Biological Oceanography
Instructors: Drs. Michael Lomas and Peter Sedwick, BIOS

Description: This course focuses on the fundamental principles of biological oceanography as they relate to different marine ecosystems (e.g., pelagic ocean systems, deep-sea vents). Knowledge of these fundamental principles is applied to the study of nutrient and energy flows within contemporary marine foodwebs. Practical laboratory exercises are designed to reinforce and integrate the principles in class. These include field observations in the near shore environment, an oceanographic cruise to the Hydrostation 'S' Time-series Station, and controlled laboratory experiments. All exercises are geared to provide exposure to modern biological oceanographic research techniques.

Text: 'Biological Oceanography' by Charles Miller. Other texts on reserve in library. There will be additional readings from the primary literature that delve into greater detail on relevant topics through out the course. These are listed in the course syllabus along with the relevant pages from Lalli and Parsons. It is imperative that these readings be done in advance of the appropriate lecture to provide the background. The lectures themselves are the forum for the more in depth examples and discussion of the concepts. Hopefully, this format will promote a more positive question/answer atmosphere within the class. There are also a number of books that have been put on reserve in the library, that go into still further detail about specific lecture topics. I encourage you to use these resources.

Course Requirements:The course is designed for a 14-week period, with two 1.5 hr lectures and one 3-4 hr lab per week. Grades are based on class participation, laboratory assignments, exams and an oral presentation based on literature research.

  1. Exams: Three exams are spaced throughout the course, with the final being a cumulative exam.
  2. Lab Reports: You are required to keep a lab notebook for some of the laboratory exercises, while others will require a more formal lab report format. Both of these formats will be evaluated as part of your final grade in this course. The formal lab reports should be computer generated and should include graphs or data tables as appropriate. They will follow standard scientific format and include the following sections: Introduction (or context for experiment), Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, and Conclusions.
  3. Participation: Group participation and free discussion are the underpinnings of advancing scientific understanding. Therefore, it is expected that you will get involved in the several sessions that we have planned for group discussion and oral presentation of your individual projects.
  4. Grading: Your final grades will be determined based on the following categories and percentages.

    Exams 50%
    Lab (notebook and reports) 40%
    Participation (including oral presentation) 10%
WEEK 1
    Lecture Period 1&2. Introduction to Oceanography
    Origin of the Earth and Life
    Geological Setting of the Ocean
    Properties and Composition of Seawater
    Ocean Circulation
    History of Oceanography
    LAB 1. Introduction to the BIOS library - choose research topic for final oral presentation.

WEEK 2

    Lecture Period 3&4. What is a Phytoplankton ‘Bloom’?
    Uncoupling of production and loss processes
    Sverdrup - critical depth/compensation depth
    Anatomy of a Phytoplankton Bloom -
    How does it grow - species succession
    How does it end - fates, termination
    LAB 2. Microscopy and plankton quantitation
WEEK 3
    Lecture Period 5. Who are the organisms that bloom
    Phytoplankton taxonomy -concept of functional groups
    HAB’s
    Lecture Period 6. Primary Production - controls (1)
    Light in the sea - Ocean Optics
    Phytoplankton pigments
    Photoecology
    LAB 3: Phytoplankton pigment analysis
WEEK 4
    Lecture Period 7&8. Primary production - controls (2)
    Nutrient uptake/Redfield Ratios - N, P, Si, C, Fe, etc.
    N vs. P debate - timescales
    New vs. regenerated production
    Inorganic vs. organic nutrition
    DOP/DON work - contrast with microbial loop.
    Temperature - Eppley Q10
    LAB 4: Effect of antifoulants on phytoplankton growth
WEEK 5
    Lecture Period 9. MID-TERM EXAM #1
    Lecture Period 10. Marine Microbial Loop
    Who, what, where
    Bacteria, viruses, Bacterial growth -
    How, efficiency, DOC transfer - fate of spring bloom
    Coupling/uncoupling
    Controls on bacteria - grazing, viral lysis
    LAB 4 - continued: Effects of antifoulants on phytoplankton growth
WEEK 6
    Lecture Period 11. Zooplankton Taxonomy
    Methodologies
    Morphologies
    Lecture Period 12. Zooplankton Feeding
    Ecology (1)
    Rates and controls
    Methodology
    LAB 5: Bacteria and virus enumeration laboratory.
WEEK 7
    Lecture Period 13. Zooplankton Feeding Ecology (2)
    Species - specific grazing rates (loss of food)
    Quantifying Secondary Production (fitting into models)
    Rates and controls
    Lecture Period 14. Zooplankton Population Biology
    Population Biology
    Growth, reproduction
    Vertical migration
    LAB 6: Zooplankton grazing dilution experiment
WEEK 8
    Lecture Period 15&16. Regional-Scale Case studies:
    Southern Ocean and the Fe hypothesis
    JGOFS Process Studies -
    LAB 6 - continued: Zooplankton grazing dilution experiment - completion
WEEK 9
    Lecture Period 17. MIDTERM EXAM #2
    All day Lecture/Lab. Cruise to hydrostation S;
    start iron-nutrient growout experiment
    LAB 7 - continued: sampling (t = 1 day)
    LAB 7 - continued: sampling (t = 2 day)
WEEK 10
    Lecture Period 19&20. The surface ocean at the global scale.
    Satellite oceanography - Ocean view at the global scale
    AVHRR, SeaWiFS, MODIS, etc.
    Compare/contrast - the ocean’s biogeographic and biogeochemical provinces
    LAB 7 - continued: Chl analysis for growout experiment
WEEK 11
    Lecture Period 21. Concepts in fisheries oceanography
    Lecture Period 22. Deep-sea biology (1)
    Who lives there
    Study methods
    LAB 8: Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Bay
WEEK 12
    Lecture Period 23. Deep-sea biology (2)
    Adaptations
    Food and energy sources
    Lecture Period 24. Climate Change Principles
    Global - El Nino/La nina
    Regional/Basin - NAO/PDO
    Case Study:Arctic Research
    LAB 8 - continued: Biogeochemistry of Man grove Bay
WEEK 13
    Lecture Period 25.Modelling in Biological Oceanography
    1-D/3-D models
    NPZD models
    Functional group models
    Lecture Period 26. The future of Biological Oceanography - molecular biology
    LAB 9: Free period to finalize oral presentations, complete lab reports, etc.
WEEK 14
    Lecture Period 27. Student presentation of oral reports
    Lecture Period 28. FINAL EXAM